World Cancer Day: See 10 common cancers and how to prevent them

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020 according to World Health Organization (WHO).  In a bid to bring people together to support, educate and raise awareness on the disease, its signs, prevention and cure, February 4th was mapped out by the initiative of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and WHO to commemorate the day.

Since 2000, when the first summit was held in Paris, concerned nations of the world have joined hands to promote its continuity. Looking at the death toll caused by cancer, 4th February is a unique day set apart to raise awareness, teach prevention, and promote current research on the early detection of cancer and its cure. The 2025 theme for World Cancer Day is “United by Unique” specially adopted to acknowledge the the struggles and cancer journeys of each individual. It recognises the peculiar battles of individuals and seeks to encourage them to keep on fighting as they are not alone in the battle.

Cancer dates back to 3000BC found in ancient Egyptian writings, but it was a rare occurrence then. Recently, it has increased it’s ratio, while some studies claim that causes of cancer death is as a result of metastases, others claim is from environmetal pollution. However, cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells in a multi-stage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour as explained by WHO.

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10 ways to detect breast cancer early

In Nigeria, cancer is on the rise and many lives have been lost due to late diagnosis, and inaccessibility to treatments. According to Daily Trust, the Japa syndrome has affected the number of oncologists available in hospitals and medical facilities to assist the teeming crowd of cancer victims. Lack of trained specialists and education on common cancers and prevention methods is a big case in the country. The report from Daily Trust stated that only 80 oncologists are in the country and this has made access to diagnosis and early consultation difficult as patients would have to wait for weeks or even months till they get their turn to see the doctor.

5 common cancers and how to prevent them

Breast Cancer

This is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among Nigerian women. It has about 2.26 million cases in the world and has killed more than any known cancer in women. You can detect it through self-examinations, mammography, and clinical breast examination.

Prevention

Regular Screening especially women aged 40 and above should schedule routine mammograms.

A healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, and limiting alcohol can reduce risk.

Joining awareness campaigns group and self breast examination helps a lot including a reduction in using bras to sleep at night.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the most common in 23 countries according to WHO. It is predominantly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Prevention 

HPV Vaccination: Vaccinating girls (and boys) before they indulge in sex dramatically lowers the risk.

Screening Programs such as regular Pap smears and HPV tests are critical in early detection.

Public Education and increased awareness about safe sexual practices help reduce transmission.

Abstinence from sexual intercourse or having a faithful sex partner

Lung Cancer

With over 2.21 million cases and 1.80 million deaths, lung cancer is widely linked to smoking; but environmental pollutants and occupational hazards also contribute to its development in Nigeria.

Prevention

Avoid Tobacco, smoking and sniffing harmful substances. Strong tobacco control policies can reduce incidence.

Reduce Pollution Exposure: Using masks and improving indoor air quality are practical measures.

Regular Check-ups: High-risk individuals should undergo routine imaging tests for early diagnosis.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting Nigerian men. Its early stages are often asymptomatic, making regular screening essential.

Prevention

Regular screening by men over 50, or those with a family history, should consider PSA testing and digital rectal exams

Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help lower risk.

Regular physical activity and weight management are beneficial.

Stomach Cancer

With 1.09 million cases and 769,000 deaths, stomach cancer is linked to Helicobacter pylori infection, dietary factors, and genetic predispositions.

Prevention

H. pylori eradication through timely treatment of the infection can lower cancer risk.

Dietary change and reduction of salt-preserved and smoked food intake while increasing fresh produce consumption is recommended.

Regular health check-ups and early detection through endoscopy can improve outcomes.

As we celebrate World Cancer Day today, let all concerned agencies, individuals and parastatals put in their efforts to combat this disease, bearing in mind that each of these 10 common cancers comes with its own set of risks and prevention strategies, but early intervention and prevention will save lives. By staying informed, seeking regular medical advice, and adopting healthier lifestyles, Nigerians and the world at large can take proactive steps to reduce the burden of cancer and its mayhems.